What best describes a molecular formula?

A molecular formula is defined as the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule. It precisely provides information on the different elements present in the molecule and how many of each are included. For instance, in the molecular formula H₂O, it indicates there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom in each water molecule.

The molecular formula does not detail the specific arrangement of atoms, which is covered by structural formulas. It also does not convey the physical state of a substance like solid, liquid, or gas, nor does it describe the chemical properties of a compound, such as reactivity or boiling point. Understanding the distinction is key in chemistry, where the molecular formula serves as a concise representation of the composition of a compound without delving into its structural characteristics or behavior.